understanding ip addresses

each IP address consists of a network ID and a host ID. the network ID, also known as the network address, identifies the systems that are located on the same physical network. all computers in the same physical network must have the same network ID, and the network ID must be unique to the internetwork. the host ID, also known as the host address, identifies each TCP/IP host within a network.

IP addresses are logical 32-bit numbers that are broken down into four 8 bit fields known as octets. microsoft TCP/IP supports class A, B and C addresses. the class addresses define which bits are used for network ID and which bits are used for the host ID.

Class A

the first network ID is 1.0.0.0 and the last is 126.0.0.0 , this allows for 126 networks and 16,777,214 hosts per network. the class A adress 127.x.x.x is reserved for loopback testing and interprocess communications on the local computer. for class A addresses, the network ID is laways the first octet in the address and the host ID is the last three octets.

Class B

the first network ID is 128.0.0.0 and the last is 191.255.0.0 , this allows for 16,384 networks and 65,534 hosts per network. for class B addresses the network ID is always the first two octets in the address and host ID is the last two octets.

Class C

the first network ID is 192.0.0.0 and the last is 223.255.255.0 , this allows for 2,097,152 networks and 254 hosts per network. for class C addresses, the network ID is always the first three octets in the address and the host ID is the last octet.

options for configuring a static TCP/IP address

IP address - a logical 32-bit address that identifies a TCP/IP host. each network adpter card in a computer running TCP/IP require a unique IP address, such as 192.168.0.108 , each address has two parts: a network ID, which identifies all hosts on the same physical network, and a host ID which identifies a host on the network. in this example the network ID is 192.168.0 and the host ID is 108.

subnet mask - subnets divide a large network into multiple physical networks connected with routers.a subnet mask blocks out part of the IP address so that TCP/IP can distinguish the network ID from the host ID. when TCP/IP hosts try to communicate, the subnet mask determine whether the destination host is on a local or remote network. to communicate on a local network, computers must have the same subnet mask.

default gateway - the intermediate device on a local network that stores network ID,s of other networks in the enterprise or internet. to communicate with a host on another network, configure an IP address for the default gateway. TCP/IP sends packets for remote networks to the default gateway (if no other route is configured) which then forwards the packets to other gateways until the packet is delivered to a gateway connected to specified destination.

increase download connection

Increase Internet Download Connections

Increase Simultaneous Internet Download Connections
Increases the number of allowed simultaneous connections to ten (10).

[Start] [Run] [Regedit]
Registry Key: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings

Modify/Create the Value Data Type(s) and Value Name(s) as detailed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: MaxConnectionsPer1_0Server
Setting for Value Data: [0000000a]
Modify/Create the Value Data Type(s) and Value Name(s) as detailed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: MaxConnectionsPerServer
Setting for Value Data: [0000000a]
Exit Registry and Reboot

Enable/Disable Run Commands Specific to the Registry
This tweak controls the use of the Run command on the local machine.

[Start] [Run] [Regedit]
Registry Key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ Policies\Explorer
Create a DWORD value for each Run function that will be disabled.

Modify/Create the Value Name [DisableLocalMachineRun] according to the Value Data listed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: DisableLocalMachineRun

Modify/Create the Value Name [DisableLocalMachineRunOnce] according to the Value Data listed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: DisableLocalMachineRunOnce

Modify/Create the Value Name [DisableCurrentUserRun] according to the Value Data listed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: DisableCurrentUserRun

Modify/Create the Value Name [DisableCurrentUserRunOnce] according to the Value Data listed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: DisableCurrentUserRunOnce

Setting for Value Data: [0 = Disabled / 1 = Enabled]
Exit Registry and Reboot

Computer Configuration\Windows Settings\Security Settings\Local Policies\Security Options

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\SeCEdit\Reg Values\MACHINE/System/CurrentControlSet/Control/Lsa/CrashOnAuditFail

speedup start menu

to speedup start menu speed carefully follow below steps.

1. Open the Start menu, click on Run, then type regedit and click OK.
2. Find the following registry key:
   HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop
3. Find the string value MenuShowDelay, then right-click Modify and edit the value.
4. Change the default value (which is 400) to something lower. The lower the number the faster it will open.

increase computer startup speed

One of the Main Reason that slow down the startup speed is the "Huge list of Startup Programmes". Some programme by default create a startup entry, such as Yahoo Messenger, Windows Live Messenger Skype etc.. It is not possible to find all your startup programme if you Go Start > Programmes > Startup. If you can disable unwanted startup programmes, your computer's start up speed will increase. please do as follows.

Press Win Key + R or Start > Run

Type msconfig presss ok

'System Configuration Utility' will open. Click on "Startup" Tab
That's where you will see the huge list of Start up Programme. You can get more detail of a Particular Programme by looking at Command and Location

What to Disable and What not to Disable?

In fact you can disable all Programme, But we recommand you to keep the Programme such as Antivirus, Spy ware removal Programme. If you have Norton Anti-vius Programme installed in your computer.
Click on Service Tab

Check "Hide Microsoft Srevices" Now Disable all the service, except the service you want to run background when computer start up such Antivirus, Spyware Removal and Firewall Software.

After you have completed the work with disabling start up Programme and services, Press Ok. You will be asked to restart the Computer. When you start the computer next time, you will get Notification window about your "System Configuration Utility". You 'check' not to show this notification again and press ok. That's it.

how to disable chkdsk at startup

did your pc try to scan your hard disk every time you restart or after power on the cpu,but sometime you proceed with the scan there is no errors displaying the hard drive.do you want to stop this annoying process? then follow these steps.

• first go to the command prompt
  
• If you have drive C: as your hard drive
• then run the command to disable chkdsk from scanning C: drive would be chkntfs /x c:
• If you have 2 drive, C and D, you can disable chkdsk with the command of chkntfs /x c: d:

The chkntfs utility works by modifying the BootExcecute value in the system registry. The BootExecute value is located in the following registry key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CURRENTCONTROLSET\CONTROL\Session Manager

The default value is for BootExecute is autocheck autochk *. When you use the /x switch, it will add a /k parameter prior to the asterisk. The /k parameter excludes volumes from being checked for the presence of a dirty bit.

For example, if you run the command chkntfs /x c: in command prompt. This command would modify this registry entry to autocheck autochk /k:c *

after completing above process successfully your problem will be solved.

problems while deleting a file

have you facing a problems while deleting the files that you dont want anymore? displaying errors when you try to delete them or rename just like below.

• Cannot delete file: Access is denied
  
• There has been a sharing violation.
  
• The source or destination file may be in use.
  
• The file is in use by another program or user.
  
• Make sure the disk is not full or write-protected and that the file is not currently in use.

with the software called unlocker you can easily delete those files that you dont want to use.this step by step guide shows how to use unlocker in your pc.

• First install unlocker to your pc
  

• Then Simply right click the folder or file and select Unlocker

• If the folder or file is locked, a window listing of lockers will appear

• Simply click Unlock All and you are done!

you can download unlocker in http://nstech.synthasite.com/freeware-tools.php

understanding local groups

a local group is a collection of user accounts on a computer. use local groups to assign permissions to resources residing on the computer on which the local group is created. windows xp professional creates local groups in the local security database.

preparing to use local groups

guidelines for using local groups include the following

• use local groups on computers that do not belong to a domain

you can use local groups only on the computer on which you create them. although local groups are available on member servers and domain computers running windows 2000 server, do not use local groups on computers that are part of a domain. using local groups on domain computers prevents you from centralizing group administration. local groups do not appear in the active directory service, and you must administer them separately for each computers.

• you can assign permissions to local groups to access only the resources on the computer on which you create the local groups.

note - you cannot create local groups on domain controllers because domain controllers cannot have a security database that is independent of the database in active directory.

membership rules for local groups include following

• local groups can contain local user accounts from the computer on which you create the local groups.
• local groups cannot belong to any other group.
  

understanding groups

a group is a collection of user accounts. groups simplify administration by allowing you to assign permissions and rights to a group of users rather than to each user account individually.

• groups are collection of user accounts
• members receive permissions given to groups
• users can be members of multiple groups
• groups can be members of other groups

permissions control what users can do with a resource such as a folder, file or printer. when you assign permissions, you allow users to gain access to a resource and you define the type of access that they have. fro example, if several users need to read the same file, you can add their user accounts to a group and then give the group permission to read file. rights allow users to perform system tasks, such as changing the time on a computer and backing up or restoring files.

password requirenments

to protect access to the computer, every user account should have a password. consider the following guidelines for passwords.

• always assign a password to the administrator account to prevent unauthorized access to the account.
• determine whether the administrator or the users will control passwords. you can assign unique passwords to user accounts and prevent users from changing them, or you can allow users to enter their own passwords the first time they log on. in most cases users should control their passwords.
• use passwords that are hard to guess. for example avoid using passwords with an obvious association, such as a family members name.
• passwords can contain up to 128 characters, a minimum length of 8 characters is recommend.
• include both uppercase and lowercase letters (unlike user names, user passwords are case sensitive) numerals and the valid non-alphanumeric characters.
  

naming conventions

a naming convention is an organizations established standard for identified users in the domain. following a consistent naming convention helps administrators and users remember logon names. it also makes it easier for administrators to locate specific user accounts to add them to groups or perform account administration.

naming convention guidelines

• create unique user logon names - local user account names must be unique on the computer on which you create the local account. user logon names for domain user accounts must be unique to the directory.

• use a maximum of 20 characters -user account names can contain up to 20 uppercase or lowercase characters. the field accepts more than 20 characters, but windows xp professional recognizes only the first 20

• remember that user logon names are not case sensitive - you can use combination of special and alphanumeric characters to establish unique user accounts. user logon names are not case sensitive, but windows xp professional preserves the case for display purposes.

• avoid characters that are not valid -the following characters are not valid: " / \ [ ] : ; | - , + * ? < >

• accommodate employees with duplicate names - if two users have the same name, you could create a user logon name consisting of the first name, the last initial and additional letters from the last name to differentiate the users. for example if two user are named john evans, you could create one user account logon as johne and the other as johnev. you could also number each user logon name-for example, johne 1 and johne 2.

• identify the type of employee - some organizations prefer to identify temporary employees in their user accounts. you could add a T and a dash front of the users logon name (T-johne) or use parenthecs at the end- for example, johne(temp)

• rename the administrator and guest built-in user accounts - you should rename the administrator and guest accounts to provide greater security.