each IP address consists of a network ID and a host ID. the network ID, also known as the network address, identifies the systems that are located on the same physical network. all computers in the same physical network must have the same network ID, and the network ID must be unique to the internetwork. the host ID, also known as the host address, identifies each TCP/IP host within a network.
IP addresses are logical 32-bit numbers that are broken down into four 8 bit fields known as octets. microsoft TCP/IP supports class A, B and C addresses. the class addresses define which bits are used for network ID and which bits are used for the host ID.
Class A
the first network ID is 1.0.0.0 and the last is 126.0.0.0 , this allows for 126 networks and 16,777,214 hosts per network. the class A adress 127.x.x.x is reserved for loopback testing and interprocess communications on the local computer. for class A addresses, the network ID is laways the first octet in the address and the host ID is the last three octets.
Class B
the first network ID is 128.0.0.0 and the last is 191.255.0.0 , this allows for 16,384 networks and 65,534 hosts per network. for class B addresses the network ID is always the first two octets in the address and host ID is the last two octets.
Class C
the first network ID is 192.0.0.0 and the last is 223.255.255.0 , this allows for 2,097,152 networks and 254 hosts per network. for class C addresses, the network ID is always the first three octets in the address and the host ID is the last octet.
options for configuring a static TCP/IP address
IP address - a logical 32-bit address that identifies a TCP/IP host. each network adpter card in a computer running TCP/IP require a unique IP address, such as 192.168.0.108 , each address has two parts: a network ID, which identifies all hosts on the same physical network, and a host ID which identifies a host on the network. in this example the network ID is 192.168.0 and the host ID is 108.
subnet mask - subnets divide a large network into multiple physical networks connected with routers.a subnet mask blocks out part of the IP address so that TCP/IP can distinguish the network ID from the host ID. when TCP/IP hosts try to communicate, the subnet mask determine whether the destination host is on a local or remote network. to communicate on a local network, computers must have the same subnet mask.
default gateway - the intermediate device on a local network that stores network ID,s of other networks in the enterprise or internet. to communicate with a host on another network, configure an IP address for the default gateway. TCP/IP sends packets for remote networks to the default gateway (if no other route is configured) which then forwards the packets to other gateways until the packet is delivered to a gateway connected to specified destination.
Tuesday, July 14, 2009
Monday, July 13, 2009
increase download connection
Increase Internet Download Connections
Increase Simultaneous Internet Download Connections
Increases the number of allowed simultaneous connections to ten (10).
[Start] [Run] [Regedit]
Registry Key: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings
Modify/Create the Value Data Type(s) and Value Name(s) as detailed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: MaxConnectionsPer1_0Server
Setting for Value Data: [0000000a]
Modify/Create the Value Data Type(s) and Value Name(s) as detailed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: MaxConnectionsPerServer
Setting for Value Data: [0000000a]
Exit Registry and Reboot
Enable/Disable Run Commands Specific to the Registry
This tweak controls the use of the Run command on the local machine.
[Start] [Run] [Regedit]
Registry Key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ Policies\Explorer
Create a DWORD value for each Run function that will be disabled.
Modify/Create the Value Name [DisableLocalMachineRun] according to the Value Data listed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: DisableLocalMachineRun
Modify/Create the Value Name [DisableLocalMachineRunOnce] according to the Value Data listed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: DisableLocalMachineRunOnce
Modify/Create the Value Name [DisableCurrentUserRun] according to the Value Data listed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: DisableCurrentUserRun
Modify/Create the Value Name [DisableCurrentUserRunOnce] according to the Value Data listed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: DisableCurrentUserRunOnce
Setting for Value Data: [0 = Disabled / 1 = Enabled]
Exit Registry and Reboot
Computer Configuration\Windows Settings\Security Settings\Local Policies\Security Options
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\SeCEdit\Reg Values\MACHINE/System/CurrentControlSet/Control/Lsa/CrashOnAuditFail
Increase Simultaneous Internet Download Connections
Increases the number of allowed simultaneous connections to ten (10).
[Start] [Run] [Regedit]
Registry Key: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings
Modify/Create the Value Data Type(s) and Value Name(s) as detailed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: MaxConnectionsPer1_0Server
Setting for Value Data: [0000000a]
Modify/Create the Value Data Type(s) and Value Name(s) as detailed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: MaxConnectionsPerServer
Setting for Value Data: [0000000a]
Exit Registry and Reboot
Enable/Disable Run Commands Specific to the Registry
This tweak controls the use of the Run command on the local machine.
[Start] [Run] [Regedit]
Registry Key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ Policies\Explorer
Create a DWORD value for each Run function that will be disabled.
Modify/Create the Value Name [DisableLocalMachineRun] according to the Value Data listed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: DisableLocalMachineRun
Modify/Create the Value Name [DisableLocalMachineRunOnce] according to the Value Data listed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: DisableLocalMachineRunOnce
Modify/Create the Value Name [DisableCurrentUserRun] according to the Value Data listed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: DisableCurrentUserRun
Modify/Create the Value Name [DisableCurrentUserRunOnce] according to the Value Data listed below.
Data Type: REG_DWORD [Dword Value] // Value Name: DisableCurrentUserRunOnce
Setting for Value Data: [0 = Disabled / 1 = Enabled]
Exit Registry and Reboot
Computer Configuration\Windows Settings\Security Settings\Local Policies\Security Options
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\SeCEdit\Reg Values\MACHINE/System/CurrentControlSet/Control/Lsa/CrashOnAuditFail
speedup start menu
to speedup start menu speed carefully follow below steps.
- Open the Start menu, click on Run, then type
regeditand click OK. - Find the following registry key:
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop - Find the string value
MenuShowDelay, then right-click Modify and edit the value. - Change the default value (which is 400) to something lower. The lower the number the faster it will open.
increase computer startup speed
One of the Main Reason that slow down the startup speed is the "Huge list of Startup Programmes". Some programme by default create a startup entry, such as Yahoo Messenger, Windows Live Messenger Skype etc.. It is not possible to find all your startup programme if you Go Start > Programmes > Startup. If you can disable unwanted startup programmes, your computer's start up speed will increase. please do as follows.
Press Win Key + R or Start > Run
Type msconfig presss ok
'System Configuration Utility' will open. Click on "Startup" Tab
That's where you will see the huge list of Start up Programme. You can get more detail of a Particular Programme by looking at Command and Location
What to Disable and What not to Disable?
In fact you can disable all Programme, But we recommand you to keep the Programme such as Antivirus, Spy ware removal Programme. If you have Norton Anti-vius Programme installed in your computer.
Click on Service Tab
Check "Hide Microsoft Srevices" Now Disable all the service, except the service you want to run background when computer start up such Antivirus, Spyware Removal and Firewall Software.
After you have completed the work with disabling start up Programme and services, Press Ok. You will be asked to restart the Computer. When you start the computer next time, you will get Notification window about your "System Configuration Utility". You 'check' not to show this notification again and press ok. That's it.
Press Win Key + R or Start > Run
Type msconfig presss ok
'System Configuration Utility' will open. Click on "Startup" Tab
That's where you will see the huge list of Start up Programme. You can get more detail of a Particular Programme by looking at Command and Location
What to Disable and What not to Disable?
In fact you can disable all Programme, But we recommand you to keep the Programme such as Antivirus, Spy ware removal Programme. If you have Norton Anti-vius Programme installed in your computer.
Click on Service Tab
Check "Hide Microsoft Srevices" Now Disable all the service, except the service you want to run background when computer start up such Antivirus, Spyware Removal and Firewall Software.
After you have completed the work with disabling start up Programme and services, Press Ok. You will be asked to restart the Computer. When you start the computer next time, you will get Notification window about your "System Configuration Utility". You 'check' not to show this notification again and press ok. That's it.
how to disable chkdsk at startup
did your pc try to scan your hard disk every time you restart or after power on the cpu,but sometime you proceed with the scan there is no errors displaying the hard drive.do you want to stop this annoying process? then follow these steps.
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CURRENTCONTROLSET\CONTROL\Session Manager
The default value is for BootExecute is autocheck autochk *. When you use the /x switch, it will add a /k parameter prior to the asterisk. The /k parameter excludes volumes from being checked for the presence of a dirty bit.
For example, if you run the command chkntfs /x c: in command prompt. This command would modify this registry entry to autocheck autochk /k:c *
after completing above process successfully your problem will be solved.
- first go to the command prompt
- If you have drive C: as your hard drive
- then run the command to disable chkdsk from scanning C: drive would be chkntfs /x c:
- If you have 2 drive, C and D, you can disable chkdsk with the command of chkntfs /x c: d:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CURRENTCONTROLSET\CONTROL\Session Manager
The default value is for BootExecute is autocheck autochk *. When you use the /x switch, it will add a /k parameter prior to the asterisk. The /k parameter excludes volumes from being checked for the presence of a dirty bit.
For example, if you run the command chkntfs /x c: in command prompt. This command would modify this registry entry to autocheck autochk /k:c *
after completing above process successfully your problem will be solved.
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