domain user accounts

domain user accounts allow you to log on to the domain and access resources anywhere on the network. when you log on, you provide your logon information-your user name and password. microsoft windows 2000 server uses this logon information to authenticate your identity and build and access token that contains your user information and security settings. the access token identifies you to the computers in the domain on which you try to access resources. the access token is valid throughtout the logon session.

characteristics of domain user accounts

• provide access to network resources
• provide access token for authentication
• created in active directory of domain controller
  

local user accounts

local user accounts allow users to log on only to the computer on which the local user account has been created and to access resources on only that computer. when you create a local user account, windows xp professional creates the account only in that computers security database, called the local security database. windows xp professional uses the local security database to authenticate the local user account, which allows the user to log on to that computer. windows xp professional does not replicate local user account information to any other computer.

characteristics of local user accounts

• provide access to resources on the local computer
• created in local security database (LSD)
• created in computers which are in workgroups
  

what is TCP/IP protocol suite

tcp/ip is an industry - standard suite of protocols that enables enterprise networking and connectivity on windows xp professional based computers.adding tcp/ip to a windows xp professional configuration offers the following advantages.

• a routable networking protocol supported by most operating systems.most large networks rely on tcp/ip

• a technology for connecting dissinilar systems.you can use many standard connectivity tools to access and transfer data across dissimilar systems.windows xp professional includes several of these standard tools.

• a robust, scalable, cross-platform client/server framework. tcp/ip supports the microsoft windows sockets (winsock) interface, which is ideal for developing client/server applications for winsock-compliant stacks.

• a method of gaining access to internet resources.

the tcp/ip suite of protocols provides a set of standards for how computers communicate and how networks are interconnected. the tcp/ip suite of protocols maps to a four-layer conceptual model network interface, internet, transport and application.

understanding the TCP/IP protocol suite

tcp/ip provides communication across networks of computers with various hardware architectures and operating systems.microsoft's implementation of tcp/ip enables enterprise networking and connectivity on computers running windows xp professional.

overall view of installing windows xp professional from cd-rom

the installation process for windows xp professional combines the setup program with wizards and informational screens. installing windows xp professional from a cd-rom to a clean hard disk consists of these four stages.

running the setup program

setup prepares the hard disk for the later installation stages and copies the files necessary to run setup wizard.

running the setup wizard

the setup wizard requests setup information about the computer, such as names and passwords.

installing windows xp professional networking components

after gathering informations about the computer the setup wizard prompts you for networking informations and then installs the networking components that allow the computer to communicate with other computers on the network.

completing the installation

setup copies files to the hard disk and configures the computer,the system restarts after installation complete.

file systems using in windows xp

after you create the installation partition, setup prompts you to select the file system with which to format the partition.like microsoft windows NT 4 and microsoft windows 2000 professional, windows xp professional supports the NT file system (NTFS or new technology file system) and file allocation table (FAT). both windows 2000 professional and windows xp professional supports FAT 32.

use NTFS when the partition on which windows xp professional will reside requires any of the following features.

• file and folder level security. NTFS allows you to control access to files and folders.
• disk compression. NTFS compresses file sto store more data on the partition.
• disk quota. NTFS allows you to control disk usage on a per-user basis.
• encryption. NTFS allows you to encrypt file data on the physical hard disk, using the microsoft encrypting file system (EFS)

the version of NTFS in windows xp professional supports remote storage, dynamic volumes, and mounting volumes to folders. windows xp professional, windows 2000, windows 2003, and windows NT are the only operating systems that can access data on a local hard disk formatted with NTFS.

FAT and FAT 32

FAT and FAt 32 offer compatibility with other operating systems. you must format the system partition with either FAT or FAT 32 if you will dual boot windows xp professional and another operating system that requires FAT or FAt 32.

FAT and FAT 32 do not offer many of the features (for example, file level security) that NTFS supports.therefore in most situations you should format the hard disk with NTFS. the only reason to use FAT or FAT 32 is for dual booting with another operating system that does not supports NTFS. if you are setting up a computer for dual booting you need to format only the system partitions as FAt or FAT 32. for example if drive C: is the system partition you could format drive C: as FAt or FAT 32 and format drive D: as NTFS.

disk partitions

the windows xp professional setup program examine the hard disk to determine its existing configuration.setup then allows you to install windows xp professional on an existing partition or to create a new partition on which to install it.

new partition or existing partition

depending on the hard disk configuration, do one of the following during installation.

• if the hard disk unpartitioned, create and size windows xp professional partition.
• if the hard disk partitioned and contains enough unpartitioned disk space use the unpartitioned space to create windows xp professional partition.
• if the existing partition is large enough, install windows xp professional on that partition.installing on an existing partition overwrites any existing data.
• if the existing partition is not large enough, delete it to provide more unpartitioned disk space for creating the windows xp professional partition.

remaining free hard disk space

although you can use setup to create other partitions, you should create and size only the partition on which you will install windows xp professional.after you install windows xp professional, use the disk management tool to partition any remaining unpartitioned space on the hard disk.

installation partition size

microsoft recommends installing windows xp professional on a 1.5 or larger partition.although windows xp professional requires less disk space for installation, using a larger installation partition provides the flexibility to install windows xp professional updates, operating system tools, programms, user documents or other necessary files in the future.

what is hardware compatibility list (HCL)

although the windows xp professional setup wizard automatically checks your hardware and software for potential conflicts.before you install windows xp professional you should verify that your hardware is on the windows xp professional HCL.microsoft provide tested drivers for the listed devices only.using hardware not listed on HCL could cause problems during and after installation.the most version of HCL for released operating systems are on the microsoft website at http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/hcl/default.mspx

note - if your hardware is not in the HCL the hardware manufacturer might be able to provide you with a windows xp professional driver for the component.

hardware requirements

you must determine whether your hardware meets or exceeds the minimum requirement for installing and operating windows xp professional.

windows xp professional hardware requirement.

• processor - pentium 233 mhz or equivalent
• memory - 64 MB minimum, 128 MB recommend, 4 GB maximum
• hard disk space - At least 1.5 gigabytes (GB) of available space on the hard disk
• display - Video adapter and monitor with Super VGA (800 x 600)or higher resolution
• other drives - CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive (not required for installing windows xp professional over a network)
• accessories - keyboard and mouse or other pointing device.
  

preinstallation tasks

before you start the installation of windows xp professional, complete the following tasks.

• ensure that your hardware meets the requirenments for installing windows xp professional.
• determine whether your hardware is on the hardware compatibility list (HCL)
• decide how you will partition the hard disk on which you will install windows xp professional.
• choose a file system for the installation partition.
• determine whether your computer will join a domain or a workgroup.
• complete a preinstallation checklist.
  

windows xp professional authentication process

to gain access to a computer running windows xp professional or to any resource on that computer, whether the computer is configured to use the welcome screen or the log on to windows dialog box, you must provide user name and possibly a password.

how windows xp professional authenticates a user depends on whether the user is logging on to domain or logging on locally to a computer.

access token

• provides user identity and security settings
• enable a user to gain access to resources and perform system tasks
  

logging on locally to the computer

windows xp professional offers two options for login on locally.the welcome screen and the log on to windows dialog box.

the welcome screen

by default windows xp professional uses welcome screen to allow users to log on locally.to log on click the icon for the user account you want to use.if the account requires a password you are prompted to enter it.if the account is not password protected you are logged on to the computer.you can also use ctrl+alt+delete (press twice) at the welcome screen to get the log on to the windows dialog box.this enable you to log on to the administrator account which is not displayed on the welcome screen when other user accounts have been created.

a user can logon locally to either of the following

• a computer that is a member of a workgroup
• a computer that is a member of domain but is not a domain controler
  

the windows security dialog box

the windows security dialog box provides informations such as the user account currently logged on and the domain or computer to which the is logged on. this information is important for users with multiple user accounts, such as a user who has a regular user account as well as a user account with administrative privileges.

you access the windows security dialog box by pressing ctrl+alt+delete if the computer is joined to a domain or the welcome screen is disabled, otherwise the task manager will be activated.

lock computer

allow users to secure the computer without logging off. all programs remain running. users should lock their computers when they leave for a short time. the user who locks the computer can unlock it by pressing ctrl+alt+delete and entering the valid password. an administrator can also unlock a locked computer. this process logs off the current user.

logoff

allows a user log off as the current user and close all running programs, but leaves windows xp professional running.

shutdown

allows a user to close all files, save all operating system data, and prepare the computer so that it can be safely truned off.

change password

allows a user to change his or her user account password. the user must know the current password to create new one. this is the only way users can change their own password.administrators can also change the password.

task manager

provides a list of the programs that are running and a summary of overall cpu and memory usage, as well as a quick view of how each program, program components, or system process is using the cpu and memory resources.users can also use task manager to switch between programs and to stop a program that is not responding.

cancel

closes the windows security dialog box

domains

a domain is a logical grouping of network computers that share central directory database. a directory database contains user accounts and security informations for the domain.this database known as the directory and is the database portion of active directory service.

in a domain the directory resides on computers that are configured as domain controllers. a domain controller is a server that manages all security related aspects of user and domain interactions, centralizing security and administration.

the steps in the authentication process are as follows

• the user logs on by providing logon information, such as username and password, and windows xp professional forwards this information to the security subsystem of that local computer.
• windows xp professional compares the logon informations with the user informations in the local security database, which resides in the security subsystem of the local computer.
• if the information matches and the user account is valid, windows xp professional creates access token for the user. an access token is the users identification for that local computer. it contains the users security settings, which allow the user to gain access to the appropriate resources on that computer and to perform specific system tasks.

if a user logs on to a domain, windows xp professional contacts an available domain controller in the domain. the domain controller compares the logon informations with the user information that is in the directory for the domain. if the information matches and the user account is valid, the domain controller creates an access token for the user. the user security settings contained in the access token allow the user to gain access to the appropriate resources in the domain.

workgroups (peer-to-peer)

a windows xp professional workgroup is a logical grouping of networked computers that share resources, such as files and printers. a workgroup is also called a peer-to-peer network because all computers in the workgroup can share resources as equals (peers) without a dedicated server.

each computer in the workgroup maintains a local security database, which is a list of user accounts and resource security information for the computer on which it resides.therefor using a local security database decentralizes the administration of user accounts and resource security in a workgroup.


workgroups have decentralized administration and security, the following are true.

• a user must have a user account on each computer to which he or she wants to gain access.
• any changes to user accounts such as changing a users password or adding a new user account, must be made on each computer in the workgroup.if you forget to add new user account to one of the computers in your workgroup, the new user will not be able to log on to that computer and will unable to access resources on it.

a workgroup provides the following advantages

• it does not require inclusion of a domain controller in the configuration to hold centralized security informations.
• it is simple to design and implement. it does not require the extensive planning and administration that a domain require.
• it is a convinient networking environment for a limited number of computers in close proximity. however a workgroup becomes impractical in environments with more than 10 computers.
  

ntfs / security permissions

these security only applicable in NTFS partitions only.it can assign to folder level permissions and file level permissions.it can applied in locally or over the network.

below steps is about how to activate permissions tab in windows xp

• go to the folder option
• click view tab
• scroll to the bottom and find '' use simple file sharing ''
• if it already selected uncheck '' simple file sharing ''
• click apply and ok

now you can see the permission tab in the files and folders.from there you can assign permission as you want.

permissions (from lowest to highest)

• read - open folder and its sub folders,open files inside them
• list folder content - arrange the sub folders and files and traverse in that folder
• read and execute - to execute executable files in that folder (eg - exe,bat)
• write - edit files, create sub folder and files in that folder,paste files to folder copied or moved from another location.
• modify - delete folder and its sub content.
• full control - managing inheritance , take ownership , set permissions.

Note - when user gets permissions of '' write '' he also gets permissions of '' read '' - '' list folder content '' - '' read and execute ''

how to create hardware profile

You must be logged on as an administrator or a member of the Administrators group in order to complete this procedure.

to create hardware profile

• right click my computer
• click properties
• click hardware tab
• click hardware profiles
• Under Available hardware profiles, click Profile 1 (Current), and then click Copy
• rename as you like (eg - power save)
• click ok

once you restart pc it displays available hardware profiles,select any profile and proceed to windows.when you changes to your logged in profile (eg - disable some device) it automatically saved.you can see changes done to the pc by restarting your pc and login with the same hardware profile.we can use this method for a power savings for laptops (by disabling devices that you dont frequently used) because they used considerable amount of power from battery.

error codes and there meanings

This section lists the error codes and possible resolutions for the error codes. The error codes are listed in numeric order.

Before you continue, make sure that you have the error code available. You can view the error code in the device Properties dialog box available in Device Manager. You can also resolve many of the errors within Device Manager.

To start troubleshooting, follow these steps:

1. Make sure that Device Manager is open, and that the device that has the problem is selected. You can perform some recommended resolutions through Device Manager.
   1. Right-click My Computer, and then click Properties.
   2. Select the Hardware tab, and then click Device Manager.
   3. Double-click the device type that has the problem. For example, if you have problems with your modem, double-click Modems to see the devices in that category.
      
      A list of devices appears. If a device has problems, the device has a red exclamation point next to it. If a device is unknown (usually because of missing drivers), the device has a yellow question mark next to it.
   4. Right-click the device that has the problem, and then click Properties. This opens the device Properties dialog box. You can see the error code in the Device status area of this dialog box.
2. Use the Troubleshooting Wizard, if it is available, to help you diagnose and resolve your problem.
   1. On the device Properties dialog box, click the General tab.
   2. Click Troubleshoot to start the Troubleshooting Wizard. The wizard asks you some simple questions and provides a solution to your problem based on the answers that you provide. If the Troubleshooting Wizard is not available, go to step 3.
   3. Follow the resolution steps provided by the wizard to resolve the problem.
   4. Check the Device status area of the device Properties dialog box to see whether the error is resolved. If the error is resolved, you are finished. Otherwise, go to step 3.
3. If the Troubleshooting Wizard did not help you resolve your problem or was not available, locate your error code in this article.
   
   
   
4. Follow the recommended resolutions for that error code.
   • Check the Device status area of the device Properties dialog box to see whether the error is resolved. If the error is resolved, you are finished.
   • If the problem still occurs, unfortunately, this article did not resolve your problem. For your next steps, you may want to ask someone for help.
   
   

   Codes 1 through 10

   Review this section if you have received an error code between 1 through 10.
   
   Code 1
   This device is not configured correctly. (Code 1)
   Cause
   
   The device has no drivers installed on your computer, or the drivers are configured incorrectly.
   
   Recommended resolution
   
   Update the driver
   
   You may be prompted to provide the path of the driver. Windows may have the driver built-in, or may still have the driver files installed from the last time that you set up the device. If you are asked for the driver and you do not have it, you can try to download the latest driver from the hardware vendor’s Web site.
   
   In the device properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Update Driver to start the Hardware Update Wizard. Follow the instructions to update the driver. If updating the driver does not work, see your hardware documentation for more information.

Code 3

The driver for this device might be corrupted, or your system may be running low on memory or other resources. (Code 3)

Recommended resolutions

Here are some things that you can try to resolve this problem.

Close some open applications

If the computer has insufficient memory to run the device, you can close some applications to make memory available. You can also check memory and system resources, and the virtual memory settings.

• To check memory and system resources, open Task Manager. To open Task Manager, press CTRL+ALT+DELETE, and then click Task Manager.
• To check virtual memory settings, right-click My Computer, click Properties, click the Advanced tab, and then click Settings in the Performance area.

Uninstall and reinstall the driver

The device driver may have become corrupted. If the driver is corrupted, uninstall the driver from Device Manager and scan for new hardware to install the driver again.

You may be prompted to provide the path of the driver. Windows may have the driver built-in, or may still have the driver files installed from the last time that you set up the device. However, sometimes, it will open the New Hardware Wizard which may ask for the driver. If you are asked for the driver and you do not have it, you can try to download the latest driver from the hardware vendor’s Web site.

1. On the device Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Uninstall. Follow the instructions.
2. Restart your computer.
3. Open Device Manager, click Action, and then click Scan for hardware changes. Follow the instructions.

Install additional RAM

You may have to install additional random access memory (RAM).

Code 10

If the device has a FailReasonString value in its hardware key, that string is displayed as the error message. The driver or enumerator puts this registry string value there. If there is no FailReasonString in the hardware key, you receive the following error message:

This device cannot start. (Code 10)

Recommended resolutions

Here are some things that you can try to resolve this problem.

Update the driver

In the device Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Update Driver to start the Hardware Update Wizard. Follow the instructions to update the driver.

You may be prompted to provide the path of the driver. Windows may have the driver built-in, or may still have the driver files installed from the last time that you set up the device. If you are asked for the driver and you do not have it, you can try to download the latest driver from the hardware vendor’s Web site.

Codes 11 through 20

Review this section if you have received an error code between 11 and 20.

Code 12

This device cannot find enough free resources that it can use. If you want to use this device, you will need to disable one of the other devices on this system. (Code 12)

Cause

This error can occur if two devices that are installed on your computer have been assigned the same I/O ports, the same interrupt, or the same Direct Memory Access channel (either by the BIOS, the operating system, or both). This error message can also appear if the BIOS did not allocate enough resources to the device.

Recommended resolution

You can use the Troubleshooting Wizard in Device Manager to determine where the conflict is, and then disable the conflicting device.

Disable the conflicting device

1. On the device Properties dialog box, click the General tab.
2. Click Troubleshoot to start the Troubleshooting Wizard. The wizard asks you some simple questions and provides a solution to your problem based on the answers that you provide.
3. Follow the resolution steps provided by the wizard to resolve the problem.

Code 14

This device cannot work properly until you restart your computer. (Code 14)

Recommended resolution

Restart your computer

Click Start, click Shut Down, and then select Restart in the Shut Down Windows dialog box to restart the computer.

Code 16

Windows cannot identify all the resources this device uses. (Code 16)

Cause

The device is only partly configured.

Recommended resolution

Assign additional resources to the device

Note The following steps might only work if the device is a Plug and Play device. If the device is not a Plug and Play device, you can refer to the device documentation for more information.

1. On the device Properties dialog box, click the Resources tab.
2. If a resource is listed with a question mark next to it, select that resource to assign it to the device.
   • If the resource cannot be changed, click Change Settings.
   • If Change Settings is unavailable, try clearing the Use automatic settings check box to make it available.

Code 18

Reinstall the drivers for this device. (Code 18)

Recommended resolution

Update the driver. If that does not work, reinstall the driver for this device through Device Manager.

You may be prompted to provide the path of the driver. Windows may have the driver built-in, or may still have the driver files installed from the last time that you set up the device. If you are asked for the driver and you do not have it, you can try to download the latest driver from the hardware vendor’s Web site.

Update the driver

In the device Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Update Driver to start the Hardware Update Wizard. Follow the instructions to update the driver. If this does not work, you will have to uninstall and reinstall the driver.

Uninstall and reinstall the driver

If the driver is corrupted, uninstall the driver from Device Manager and scan for new hardware to install the driver again.

1. On the device properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Uninstall. Follow the instructions.
2. Restart your computer.
3. Open Device Manager, click Action, and then click Scan for hardware changes. Follow the instructions.

Code 19

Windows cannot start this hardware device because its configuration information (in the registry) is incomplete or damaged. To fix this problem you can first try running a Troubleshooting Wizard. If that does not work, you should uninstall and then reinstall the hardware device. (Code 19)

Recommended resolutions

A registry problem was detected.

This can occur when more than one service is defined for a device, if there is a failure opening the service subkey, or if the driver name cannot be obtained from the service subkey. Here are some things that you can try to resolve this problem.

Uninstall and reinstall the driver

Uninstall the driver from Device Manager and scan for new hardware to install the driver again.

You may be prompted to provide the path of the driver. Windows may have the driver built-in, or may still have the driver files installed from the last time that you set up the device. However, sometimes, it will open the New Hardware Wizard which may ask for the driver. If you are asked for the driver and you do not have it, you can try to download the latest driver from the hardware vendor’s Web site.

1. On the device Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Uninstall. Follow the instructions.
2. Restart your computer.
3. Open Device Manager, click Action, and then click Scan for hardware changes. Follow the instructions.

Revert to the most recent successful registry configuration

This content is designed for an advanced computer user.

The Last Known Good Configuration feature is a recovery option that you can use to start your computer by using the most recent settings that worked. The Last Known Good Configuration feature restores all the registry information and driver settings that were in effect the last time that the computer started successfully.

Codes 21 through 30

Review this section if you have received an error code between 21 and 30.

Code 21

Windows is removing this device. (Code 21)

Recommended resolution

This error means that Windows is in the process of removing the device. However, the device has not yet been completely removed. Here are some things that you can try to resolve this problem.

• Wait several seconds, and then press the F5 key to update the Device Manager view.
• If that does not resolve the problem, restart your computer. Click Start, click Shut Down, and then select Restart in the Shut Down Windows dialog box to restart the computer.

Code 22

This device is disabled. (Code 22)

Recommended resolution

Enable the device by using Device Manager.

In Device Manager, click Action, and then click Enable Device. This starts the Enable Device wizard. Follow the instructions.

Code 24

This device is not present, is not working properly, or does not have all its drivers installed. (Code 24)

Cause

The device is installed incorrectly. The problem could be a hardware failure, or a new driver might be needed.

Devices stay in this state if they have been prepared for removal. After you remove the device, this error disappears.

Recommended resolution

Remove the device, and this error should be resolved.

Code 28

The drivers for this device are not installed. (Code 28)

Recommended resolution

Install the driver

You may be prompted to provide the path of the driver. Windows may have the driver built-in. If you are asked for the driver and you do not have it, you can try to download the latest driver from the hardware vendor’s Web site.

In the device Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Update Driver to start the Hardware Update Wizard. Follow the instructions to install the driver.

Code 29

This device is disabled because the firmware of the device did not give it the required resources. (Code 29)

Recommended resolution

Enable the device in the BIOS.

Enable the device in the BIOS

Enable the device in the BIOS of the device. For information about how to make this change, see the hardware documentation or contact the hardware vendor.

Codes 31 through 40

Code 31

This device is not working properly because Windows cannot load the drivers required for this device. (Code 31)

Recommended resolution

Update the driver

You may be prompted to provide the path of the driver. Windows may have the driver built-in, or may still have the driver files installed from the last time that you set up the device. However, sometimes, it will open the New Hardware Wizard which may ask for the driver. If you are asked for the driver and you do not have it, you can try to download the latest driver from the hardware vendor’s Web site.

In the device Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Update Driver to start the Hardware Update Wizard. Follow the instructions to update the driver.

Code 32

A driver (service) for this device has been disabled. An alternate driver may be providing this functionality. (Code 32)

Cause

The start type for this driver is set to disabled in the registry.

Recommended resolutions

Reinstall the driver for this device. If this does not work, you might have to change the device start type parameter in the registry.

Uninstall and reinstall the driver

Uninstall the driver from Device Manager, and then scan for new hardware to install the driver again.

You may be prompted to provide the path of the driver. Windows may have the driver built-in, or may still have the driver files installed from the last time that you set up the device. However, sometimes, it will open the New Hardware Wizard which may ask for the driver. If you are asked for the driver and you do not have it, you can try to download the latest driver from the hardware vendor’s Web site.

1. On the device Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Uninstall. Follow the instructions.
2. Restart your computer.
3. Open Device Manager, click Action, and then click Scan for hardware changes. Follow the instructions.

Change the start type in the Registry

Code 33

Windows cannot determine which resources are required for this device. (Code 33)

Recommended resolution

The translator that determines the kinds of resources that are required by the device has failed.

Recommended resolution

Configure the hardware. If configuring the hardware does not work, you might have to replace it.

Configure or replace the hardware

If running the Troubleshooting Wizard did not resolve the problem, configure or replace the device. Contact the device hardware vendor for more information about how to configure or replacing the device.

Code 34

Windows cannot determine the settings for this device. Consult the documentation that came with this device and use the Resource tab to set the configuration. (Code 34)

Recommended resolution

Manually configure the device.

This content is designed for an advanced computer user.

Manually configure the device

The device requires manual configuration. See the hardware documentation or contact the hardware vendor for instructions on manually configuring the device. After you configure the device itself, you can use the Resources tab in Device Manager to configure the resource settings in Windows.

Code 35

Your computer's system firmware does not include enough information to properly configure and use this device. To use this device, contact your computer manufacturer to obtain a firmware or BIOS update. (Code 35)

Cause

The Multiprocessor System (MPS) table, which stores the resource assignments for the BIOS, is missing an entry for your device and must be updated.

Recommended resolution

Contact the system vendor to update the BIOS.

Code 36

This device is requesting a PCI interrupt but is configured for an ISA interrupt (or vice versa). Please use the computer's system setup program to reconfigure the interrupt for this device. (Code 36)

Recommended resolution

The interrupt request (IRQ) translation failed. Change the settings for the IRQ reservations.

This content is designed for an advanced computer user.

Change the settings for IRQ reservations

For more information about how to change BIOS settings, see the hardware documentation.

You can also try to use the BIOS setup tool to change the settings for IRQ reservations (if such options exist). The BIOS might have options to reserve certain IRQs for peripheral component interconnect (PCI) or ISA devices.

Code 37

Windows cannot initialize the device driver for this hardware. (Code 37)

Recommended resolution

The driver returned a failure when it executed the DriverEntry routine. Reinstall the drivers for this device.

Uninstall and reinstall the driver

Uninstall the driver from Device Manager, and then scan for new hardware to install the driver again. You may be prompted to provide the path of the driver. Windows may have the driver built-in, or may still have the driver files installed from the last time that you set up the device. However, sometimes, it will open the New Hardware Wizard which may ask for the driver. If you are asked for the driver and you do not have it, you can try to download the latest driver from the hardware manufacturer’s Web site.

1. On the device Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Uninstall. Follow the instructions.
2. Restart your computer.
3. Open Device Manager, click Action, and then click Scan for hardware changes. Follow the instructions.

Code 38

Windows cannot load the device driver for this hardware because a previous instance of the device driver is still in memory. (Code 38)

Recommended resolution

The driver could not be loaded because a previous instance is still loaded. Restart the computer.

Use the Troubleshooting Wizard

If you have not already run the Troubleshooting Wizard, do so now.

1. On the device Properties dialog box, click the General tab.
2. Click Troubleshoot to start the Troubleshooting Wizard. The wizard asks you some simple questions and provides a solution to your problem based on the answers that you provide.
3. Follow the resolution steps provided by the wizard to resolve the problem.

Restart your computer

Click Start, click Shut Down, and then select Restart in the Shut Down Windows dialog box to restart the computer.

Code 39

Windows cannot load the device driver for this hardware. The driver may be corrupted or missing. (Code 39)

Cause

There are several causes of Code 39 errors:

• A required device driver is missing.
• A required binary file is corrupted.
• There is a problem with the file I/O process.
• A driver that is referencing an entry point in another binary file is unable to load.

Recommended resolution

Reinstall the drivers for this device.

Uninstall and reinstall the driver

Uninstall the driver from Device Manager, and then scan for new hardware to install the driver again.

You may be prompted to provide the path of the driver. Windows may have the driver built-in, or may still have the driver files installed from the last time that you set up the device. However, sometimes, it will open the New Hardware Wizard which may ask for the driver. If you are asked for the driver and you do not have it, you can try to download the latest driver from the hardware vendor’s Web site.

1. On the device Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Uninstall. Follow the instructions.
2. Restart your computer.
3. Open Device Manager, click Action, and then click Scan for hardware changes. Follow the instructions.

Code 40

Windows cannot access this hardware because its service key information in the registry is missing or recorded incorrectly. (Code 40)

Recommended resolution

Information in the registry's service subkey for the driver is invalid. Reinstall the drivers for this device.

Uninstall and reinstall the driver

Uninstall the driver from Device Manager, and then scan for new hardware to install the driver again.

You may be prompted to provide the path of the driver. Windows may have the driver built-in, or may still have the driver files installed from the last time that you set up the device. However, sometimes, it will open the New Hardware Wizard which may ask for the driver. If you are asked for the driver and you do not have it, you can try to download the latest driver from the hardware vendor’s Web site.

1. On the device Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Uninstall. Follow the instructions.
2. Restart your computer.
3. Open Device Manager, click Action, and then click Scan for hardware changes. Follow the instructions.

Codes 41 through 50

Review this section if you have received an error code between 41 and 50.

Code 41

Windows successfully loaded the device driver for this hardware but cannot find the hardware device. (Code 41)

Recommended resolution

This problem occurs if you install a driver for a non-Plug and Play device, but Windows cannot find the device. Here are some things that you can try to resolve this problem.

If the Troubleshooting Wizard does not resolve the problem, do one of the following:

• If the device was removed, uninstall the driver, connect the device, and then click Scan for hardware changes to reinstall the driver.
• If the hardware was not removed, the driver files might be obsolete. In this case, update the driver from Device Manager. In the device Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Update Driver to start the Hardware Update Wizard. Follow the instructions to update the driver.
• If the device is a non-Plug and Play device, you may have to install a newer version of the driver. To install non-Plug and Play devices, use the Add Hardware wizard. Click Start, and then click Run. In the Open box, type hdwwiz.cpl.

Code 42

Windows cannot load the device driver for this hardware because there is a duplicate device already running in the system. (Code 42)

Recommended resolution

A duplicate device was detected. This error occurs when a bus driver incorrectly creates two identically named sub-processes (known as a bus driver error), or when a device with a serial number is discovered in a new location before it is removed from the old location. You may be able to resolve this problem by restarting your computer.

Restart your computer

Click Start, click Shut Down, and then select Restart in the Shut Down Windows dialog box to restart the computer.

Code 43

Windows has stopped this device because it has reported problems. (Code 43)

Recommended resolution

One of the drivers controlling the device notified the operating system that the device failed in some manner.

If you have already run the Troubleshooting Wizard, you might want to check the hardware documentation for more information about diagnosing the problem.

Code 44

An application or service has shut down this hardware device. (Code 44)

Recommended resolution

Restart your computer.

Restart your computer

Click Start, click Shut Down, and then select Restart in the Shut Down Windows dialog box to restart the computer.

Code 45

Currently, this hardware device is not connected to the computer. (Code 45)

Recommended resolution

This error occurs if a device that was previously connected to the computer is no longer connected. To resolve this problem, reconnect this hardware device to the computer.

No resolution is necessary. This error code is only used to indicate the disconnected status of the device and does not require you to resolve it. The error code resolves automatically when you connect the associated device to the computer

Code 46

Windows cannot gain access to this hardware device because the operating system is in the process of shutting down. (Code 46)

Recommended resolution

The device is not available because the system is shutting down.

No resolution is necessary. The hardware device should work correctly next time that you start the computer.

This error code is only set when Driver Verifier is enabled and all applications have already been shut down.

Code 47

Windows cannot use this hardware device because it has been prepared for safe removal, but it has not been removed from the computer. (Code 47)

Recommended resolutions

Here are some things that you can try to resolve this problem.

Reconnect the device

This error code occurs only if you used the Safe Removal application to prepare the device for removal, or pressed a physical eject button.

Reconnect the device to your computer

Disconnect this device from the computer, and then connect it again.

Restart your computer

Make sure that the device is connected correctly to your computer, and then restart your computer. Click Start, click Shut Down, and then select Restart in the Shut Down Windows dialog box to restart the computer.

Code 48

The software for this device has been blocked from starting because it is known to have problems with Windows. Contact the hardware vendor for a new driver. (Code 48)

Recommended resolution

Update the driver.

Update the driver

Contact the manufacturer of your hardware device to obtain the latest version or the updated driver. Then, install it on your computer.

Code 49

Windows cannot start new hardware devices because the system hive is too large (exceeds the Registry Size Limit). (Code 49)

Cause

The system hive has exceeded its maximum size and new devices cannot work until the size is reduced. The system hive is a permanent part of the registry associated with a set of files that contains information related to the configuration of the computer on which the operating system is installed. Configured items include applications, user preferences, devices, and so on. The problem might be specific devices that are no longer attached to the computer but are still listed in the system hive.

Recommended resolution

Here are some things that you can try to resolve this problem.

This content is designed for an advanced computer user.

Uninstall devices that you are no longer using

To resolve this problem, you should first try uninstalling any hardware devices that you are no longer using.

1. Set up Device Manager to show devices that are no longer connected to the computer.
   1. Click Start, and then click Run.
   2. In the Open box, type cmd. The Command Prompt window opens.
   3. At the prompt, type the following command, and then press Enter:
      set devmgr_show_nonpresent_devices=1
2. In Device Manager, click View, and then click Show hidden devices. You will now be able to see devices that are not connected to the computer.
   1. Select the device that you want to uninstall.
   2. On the device Properties dialog box, click the Driver tab, and then click Uninstall. Follow the instructions.
   3. Restart your computer.
3. Uninstall the devices that you no longer need.
4. Check the device Properties dialog box in Device Manager to see whether the error is resolved.

what are digitally signed drivers

after the difficulty experience with the windows 2000 Microsoft has realized the importance of driver compatibility with windows.the hardware manufactured and then come up with there driver compatible with Microsoft operating systems.and they were tested at Microsoft labs.once a driver found compatible with Microsoft it was added with the CAB file as a digital signature.now when drivers installing into windows its looks for this CAB file.the drivers are proceeded if it founds digital signed,but otherwise there are 3 option of actions as below.

• ignore
• warn
• block
  

remote access service (RAS)

RAS was a service provided by Windows NT which allows most of the services which would be available on a network to be accessed over a modem link. The service includes support for dialup and logon, and then presents the same network interface as the normal network drivers. It is not necessary to run Windows NT on the client - there are client versions for other Windows operating systems.

A feature built into Windows NT that enables users to log into an NT-based LAN using a modem, X.25 connection or WAN link. RAS works with several major network protocols, including TCP/IP, IPX, and NBF.

for example

when the user needs to connect to the lan at the office time to time from remote location the RAS has to configured at the office.the RAS has attached to the modem and a fixed phoneline.once the remote user dials to the phone number of RAS using his dialup connection the RAS accepts the call and validate user credential.if the user is authorised he is allowed to connect to the office lan.

callback

in remote access,the callback option is allow the RAS to called back to the remote user once the account validated.there are 2 options,

• set by a caller

the remote user will be callback by the RAS to any number the user has called from.

• always callback to

in this option RAS calls back to a predefined number set under the user account.no matter which number the user calls from.